Self Monitoring Of Blood Glucose - 786 Words

4. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) NICE NG28 Type 2 Diabetes in Adult: Management7 recommends that we refer to the DVLA â€Å"At a glance guide to the current medical standards of fitness to drive† when offering SMBG to those with T2DM We should be routinely offering SMBG to those with T2DM if: †¢ The person is on insulin†¢ There is evidence of hypoglycaemic episodes†¢ The person is on an oral drug that increases the risk of hypoglycaemia whilst driving or operating heavy machinery (e.g. sulphonylureas)†¢ The person is pregnant, or planning to become pregnant†¢ It is part of a structured education programme to help patients understand their diabetes or identify asymptomatic hypoglycaemia We can also consider short-term SMBG if starting†¦show more content†¦NICE NG3 Diabetes in Pregnancy11 recommend we follow-up those with GDM as follows: †¢ Offer lifestyle advice and check a FBG at 6-13 weeks after birth in those women with GDM. D o not routinely offer an oral glucose tolerance testo Pragmatically, this could comprise part of the routine 6-week post-partum check †¢ If the FBG is ≠¥7mmol/l, a diagnosis of T2DM can be established†¢ Importantly, If the FBG is negative, the woman requires an annual HbA1C test in line with NICE Public Health Guidance 38 â€Å"Prevention of T2DM – risk identification and interventions for individuals at high risk†4 (see above)References 1. Diabetes UK State of the Nation 2016 (England): Time to take control of diabetes. Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/What-we-say/Statistics/State-of-the-Nation-2016-Time-to-take-control-of-diabetes/2. Lindstrom J, Peltonen M, Eriksson JG et al. Improved lifestyle and decreased diabetes risk over 13 years: long-term follow-up of the randomised Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Diabetologia 2013; 56(2):284-933. NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS DPP). Available at:Show MoreRelatedTeaching Plan 1223 Words   |  5 PagesPlan for Newly Diagnosed Diabetic PatientThe Identified Learning Need Patients with Diabetes have very comprehensive learning needs. The learning needs arefocused on managing their glucose levels and preventing complications of diabetes. Learningneeds for managing diabetes are complex and include: monitoring blood glucose levels,menu/food planning, exercise, medications, skin care, management of co-existing disease processes, knowledge of medications, knowledge of the disease process and how to managehypoRead MoreBlood Sugar and Glucose Level1699 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology in blood glucose monitoring . this will use very low current to measure glucose level from interstitial fluid , and shows the digital reading. Gluco watch works in the principal of Reverse Intophoresis based Glucose Monitoring devise ( RIGMD ). It is programmed to alert the person when the glucose level gets high or low in blood concentration . and helps the person to maintain constant glucose level . It is easy and user friendly ( David Mendosa, 2010 ) GLUCOSE MONITORING It helps theRead MorePatients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus878 Words   |  4 Pages(T2DM), promote insulin release independent of prevailing glucose value and as a result, hypoglycemia is an expected side effect. Hypoglycemia is an important complication of glucose-lowering therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. According to the American diabetes association, hypoglycemia is defined as the abnormally low plasma glucose concentration that exposes the patient to potential harm with a proposed threshold plasma glucose value 70 mg/dL. The most common cause of hypoglycemia inRead MoreEssay Nursing Teaching Plan892 Words   |  4 Pagesabout their disease or disorder, diet, treatment, medication regimens, and self-care (Taylor, LeMone, Lillis, Lynn, 2008). In this paper, I will explain teaching plan for diabetes patient with regular insulin injection including with the purpose of plan, outcomes, behavioral objectives, and teaching method. Diabetes is a common disease, which can be a serious life-long illness caused by high level of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin or lack of insulinRead MoreAn M-Health Application for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes1181 Words   |  5 PagesAn m-Health Application for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Product Description Though it is known that self-monitoring blood sugar level is necessary for effective self-care of type 1 diabetes mellitus, adolescents with diabetes require decision-support aids to effectively analyze a blood glucose result and take appropriate action to optimize glycemic control (Hood, Peterson, Rohan, Drotar, 2009). Therefore, mobile technology-based intervention can be effectively implemented to help in thisRead MoreAnalysis Of EHR950 Words   |  4 Pagesof a wearable flash-sensing glucose monitoring technology with a conventional portable method, there is no difference in the outcomes of the two methods, thus opening the way to consider wearable monitoring as a feasible alternating to portable self monitoring of gluscose due to its convenience (13). Types of sensors Based on the chemical reaction, the presence of enzyme or not, and physical properties of light several types of sensors support the detection of glucose in tears. While we won’t beRead MoreMonitoring the Glucose Level of Diabetic Patients1004 Words   |  4 PagesMonitoring of the glucose level of diabetic patients is a cornerstone of diabetes care and management. The reliability of the home based glucose monitoring devices is critically important because the whole self-care and management of diabetes depends upon it. But there is still a big question mark on the accuracy of the results of the glucose monitoring devices. The ability of currently marketed glucose monitoring systems to determine the glycemic status of the patient is not very accurate. The glucoseRead MoreParental Monitoring Of Blood Glucose1443 Words   |  6 Pagesof these complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The invention of Glucose Meter has changed the diabetes care by enabling patients to mo nitor their blood glucose level according to their diet, medications and activity. control of glycaemia within the established recommended values is a major therapeutic goal for diabetic patients both in the hospital and outpatient setting. Using of self monitoring of blood glucose 9SMBG0 devices will help diabetic patients detect, prevent or manage of hypo-Read MoreThe Use Of Juvenile Diabetes And Its Effects On Our Lives As Well As Their Interpersonal Relationships1426 Words   |  6 Pagescontrolling behavior has been related to poor adherence, depressed mood, and lower diabetes self-efficacy†. Having too much parental control over the child will cause them to neglect responsibility over their own sickness. Ultimately, parental support has shown much more positive results than parental control. In the area of peer support, positivity and encouragement has been attributed to a â€Å"positive self-concept, social competence, psychological well-being, and fewer problems in school among adolescents†Read MoreDiabetes Mellitus Teaching Plan Assignment1258 Words   |  6 PagesMellitus Teaching Plan Glucose Monitoring To maintain an average glucose reading you must maintain a healthy diet. Glucose monitoring must be checked before meals and before snacking on any food items or beverages that consist of carbohydrates. Glucose intake is primarily effected from your carbohydrate intake. To keep blood sugar on target and to Avoid problems with your body blood sugar readings must be at normal readings of 85-125, and fasting is 70-110. With regular monitoring you can quickly find

Supporting Health And Wellbeing Education Essay Free Essays

Every school and baby’s room in Scotland are on a journey to excellence, all schools and early old ages scenes are at different phases of implementing a new Scottish course of study, entitled Curriculum for Excellence, where there are three nucleus topics, one of which is wellness and well-being. The experiences and results of this topic are listed under the headers mental, emotional, societal and physical well-being, be aftering for picks and alteration, physical instruction, physical activity and athletics and nutrient and wellness. As stated in the Curriculum for Excellence â€Å" Children and immature people will develop their acquisition in wellness and well-being by developing the cognition and apprehension, accomplishments, capablenesss and properties which they need for mental, emotional, societal and physical well-being now and in the hereafter † . We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting Health And Wellbeing Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In readying and during the digest of this undertaking, I have taken history of university readings and notes, literature, statute law, authorities guidelines, local authorization and the baby’s room betterment program. The first reading which influenced my undertaking was â€Å" Promoting Health a Practical Guide by L Ewles and I Simnett † I realised wellness has to be promoted in a holistic position and all facets of wellness are interrelated and mutualist. ( See appendix one ) I will associate the theory of wellness and well-being within the country of physical exercising for the kids, parents and staff in Abronhill Nursery School. At present turn toing wellness and well-being, the baby’s room have already received the gold award for wellness publicity. The manner frontward here is to guarantee all experiences and results, at the early degree are being addressed. Taking history of the guideline which is supported by The World Health Organisation, kids should hold at least one hr of moderate activity most yearss of the hebdomad. In â€Å" Let ‘s Make Scotland More Active † it is emphasised that this hr will merely hold a positive result if it is choice clip, hence my planning for the acquisition experiences in physical exercising had to be thought out and implemented to guarantee kids benefit from them. I knew that I had to pull off my clip in order to accomplish the 10 experiences with the kids and discussed this with the caput instruct or and the two members of staff assigned to be my wise man. My chief focal point in each experience was the results and experiences from the Curriculum for Excellence, in add-on to this I researched and read relevant readings. As detailed in be aftering grid one ( Appendix two ) , I read the Curriculum for Excellence and the Health publicity and nutrition ) ( Scotland ) Act 2007. I gained a cognition and apprehension and was able to take the appropriate results for my planning. When frontward planning, I took into history that physical exercising is critical for physical development, but besides cognitive development, which I learned in one of my talks. This is highlighted in The Helping Young Children to Learn Through Movement Programme by Celia O Donovan who points out that â€Å" Children learn through motion and have a better opportunity of going successful scholars if they develop, organic structure consciousness, musculus tone, balance control, clasp and finger motion and manus to oculus co-ordination † , this in bend links to th e five major constituents of wellness, â€Å" cardio-respiratory, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibleness and organic structure composing † . ( Powers and Dodd 2009 ) In my first learning experience, I planned an experience that related to nursery planning and took history of kids involvements. On contemplation I know that I provided an activity where the kids were to the full engaged, extremely motivated and interacted good, but in treatment with my wise man, it was pointed out that I must concentrate more on the results I wanted the kids to accomplish, this was constructive unfavorable judgments. I will concentrate on the kids ‘s advancement and I will measure suitably. My self-evaluation allowed me to be after my following experience successfully. â€Å" Self-evaluation has become increasing stratified across Scots instruction and has contributed good, to bettering accomplishment for all kids † ( HIME, 2007 ) With mention to The Child at the Centre, quality index 2.2 â€Å" The extent to which parents, carers and households are committed to and actively involved in the life of the Centre † . My following planned experience larning grid three ( Appendix two ) takes history of parents and carers who where encourage to take portion in a Zumba category. It promotes a cognition and apprehension of what I am seeking to accomplish with the kids and involves the parents in physical exercising. I have read parents as spouses and I know that in Abronhill nursery school â€Å" Parents and carers will be encouraged to take portion in the service with staff set uping effectual partnership and maintaining in regular communicating † ( National Care Standards, 2002 ) . This experience besides takes history of â€Å" Young Children ‘s Health and Wellbeing by Underdown A † which states â€Å" Parents are the most important resource in advancing kids ‘s wellness and well-be ing, and they should be valued, respected and supported † . On contemplation I can clearly see how this has been put into pattern and how to include parents in their kids ‘s acquisition. I have included exposure of the wall show I created, utilizing parent ‘s remarks ( See appendix three ) . Within this experience I had a duty to run into the demands of an single kid. I was specifically asked to back up her in the afternoon zumba category, as she had already participated in the forenoon. Her keyworker felt support was necessary as she attendances nursery all twenty-four hours. As my observation notes show alternate support was offered. I closely monitored her advancement and attended to her single demands. My uninterrupted planning for physical exercising within the nucleus topics of wellness and well-being, I am really cognizant of doing certain I plan a assortment of activities to turn to the results. The kids have to be excited and motivated by the challenge set within the activity and this clip I planned an obstruction class. Planing grid four ( Appendix two ) . As my observation notes show the kids where a spot over excited at the beginning, but I was able to settle them, by calmly speech production to the kids and including them in the presentation. It was of import for the kids to listen to the regulations and remain safe. On contemplation in conversation with my wise man I was cognizant of pre-positional linguistic communication and she specifically asked me to listen for kids who used this, as she will farther develop this linguistic communication and take the kids ‘s larning frontward. I now understand that during activities there can be really of import links to other countries of the course of study. The experience I planned for Monday 8th November larning grid figure five ( Appendix two ) was to be held out-of-doorss. This experience was included in nursery planning. ( See Appendix four ) On contemplation I feel the conditions was a factor that influenced the kids ‘s enjoyment, it was stop deading cold and the kids did non profit from this experience, even though they had appropriate vesture on and I am cognizant if the importance of out-of-door acquisition in all conditions conditions. With mention to ( Appendix two ) experiences numbered six and seven, I feel the equipment ( See appendix five ) played a large portion in the kids ‘s acquisition and promoted physical exercising. The difference was evident with all of the kids, in one instance a male child demand a drink of H2O from being on the Wii tantrum and said to me â€Å" I will be back for another spell † . I noticed this in contrast to see figure five, did nil to excited them or desire them to carry-on . I truly learned from this experience how equipment, conditions and motive truly affects the kids ‘s battle and acquisition, in future I would will measure these factors and have another experient planned as a dorsum up. I feel the Wii tantrum is relevant up-to-date, educational and popular with the kids and the experience can be linked from place. On contemplation I used congratulations suitably to actuate the kids and promoted independency, the kids enjoyed the chance to exert. In wellness and well-being, during this arrangement I have addressed and been successful in supplying many chances for the kids to develop a â€Å" positive experience of healthy life activities to larn to get by with ambitious state of affairss and assist them to get down to â€Å" get the capacity to prolong physical, emotional and societal well-being † ( Curriculum for Excellence ) Within this baby’s room puting the caput instructor and staff are advancing healthy instruction to each other, visiting staff, kids and parents. My work fitted in the overall properness in the baby’s room betterment program and I successfully addressed physical exercising in the early old ages puting. Relevant readings and farther surveies made me cognizant of how other factors influence the wellness and well-being of kids e.g. fleshiness, poorness, attitude of parents and environmental factors. In the hereafter I will be able to confidently utilize the cognition and accomplishments I have gained in the country of physical exercising. I shall widen my cognition of the other factors by reading and research. I will be able to travel in to other early old ages scenes and set my cognition into pattern, but I besides need to analyze the others two countries entitled diet and nutrition and mental wellness and wellbeing as they are interlinked. How to cite Supporting Health And Wellbeing Education Essay, Essay examples

Derivative & Portfolio Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThe Use of Derivatives in Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction Investment is the mechanism through which capital is allotted to any business or production process in order to expand and generate benefit for the future (Ahmed and Zlate 2014). Based on the sectors of goods and services being produced the type mode of investment vary. In the contemporary world of market economies, volatility and fluctuations in value are common phenomenon. This conforms to the risk factors that are associated with investment decisions or plans (Allen 2012). This has been the source of derivatives to appear in the market and guide investment design in order to minimize the through risk management. This paper reinforces the instrumental role played by derivatives in the financial market that further facilitates the investment environment in national capital market. The report picks up two countries China and South Africa and prepares a brief case study shedding light on the financial market performances keeping relevance to the theoretical discussion. China being worlds largest economy in terms of PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) owes much importance in the world capital market that is determined by very condition of the national financial management system. South Africa having strong financial background is largest economy of Africa making a contribution of 35% to the gross domestic product of the continent. How well these two countries have been able to manage and sustain healthy financial system and what are the factors that create deviation from stability is the main area of concern here. General report format has been followed to prepare the paper and it earns the basis from secondary research including relevant statistical information Discussion Derivatives In Portfolio Management Portfolio management is a scientific tool that ensures proper decision making regarding investment (Brown 2012). It helps determine the policy mix, allocation of capital or assets, matching investment decision to objectives and assessing risk embedded in investment structure (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2014). In managing risk associated with investment, derivatives play significant role. Derivatives are process of trading in near future involving a contractual agreement between two parties based on any financial assets or securities. The contract includes transaction of some commodities or assets in future date at the price fixed at current time. The fixed price at which the contract is being made might be greater or lesser than the future market price and this fluctuation is the source of derivatives value in the financial market. Most common instruments that drive the exposure to risk factors are rate of interest, stocks shares, currencies inflation and market indices. Derivatives are mostly encountered on these factors. In the presence of market volatility price fluctuation and subsequent fluctuation in the value of assets are regular phenomenon (Chance and Brooks 2015). In such case buying derivative on the stocks shares can pre-assign a threshold of return from the underlying assets. Now if the market force leads to higher price in future time than the price at which derivative contract was made, then higher gain is confirmed and if price falls below that the buyer looses out as he has to pay out for the assets whose value fall. Common derivatives that are widely used in financial system of any country are forward contract, future contract, option contract and swap (Bezzina and Grima 2012). In the forward contract system the agreement is made at present based on todays price and paid in future period. The information in the contract is shared by both the parties involved in the contract that may or may not be revealed publicly. Here exchange is not an intermediary component to the transactions taking place between parties which results to credit risk between counterparty. Future contract are almost same as forward contract the only difference being the exchange as intermediary. Seller and buyer dont encounter in personal contracts but in contracts based on exchange (Cvit, J. and Zhang 2013). Here counterparty risk of credit is negated due to settlement procedure of loss or gain from the contract that takes place on a daily basis. Option contract differs a bit from the above two kind of derivatives. Here one party bears the obligation of buying or selling at a later date while the other has the option to make own choice at the cost of a premium charge. Two types of call exist. One being call and the other being put option. While the former confers right to buy something, the later allows to be sold in future date with pre-fixed price without any obligation. Options are also traded on exchange (Cvit, J. and Zhang 2013). Swap is one of the complicated derivative existent in market that allows exchange in form of cash flows. Switching between uncertain and certain cash flow is common example in swapping like swapping interest rates from fixed to floating (Fischer and Frhlich 2013). Investment Environments China: Investment opportunity in China is pretty rich and that further is backed by the fact that the country is third largest recipient of foreign direct investment even overtaking USA (Ramasamy, Yeung and Laforet 2012). It is health of capital market consolidated by growing economic factor and political co-operation through policy making and administrative execution. Factors Boosting Investment: The most important reasons behind influx of higher investment in Chinese economy is the bigger consumer market that China provides to the world of investors (Ahuja and Nabar 2012). As per the World Bank source, the country is home to 13 billion people of the world of 7.1 billion people indicating almost 20% of world population. This population size is crucial component facilitating growth of consumer market and existence as well as expansion of businesses. Multiplicity of goods produced in the Chinese territory, leads to presence of diversified market which is attracting to investors to induce more profit. The infrastructure of the country is advanced and adaptable to growing market needs with technological as well as manual skills. The country also has evolved the networking with other countries by reducing the geographical boundaries with growing transportation. Manufacturing, transportation and oil market are Chinas important sector that has tapped potent for higher profit. Market pattern for Chinese Oil Companies is an upward rising with a forecast of further rise. This consolidates the ground for Chinese manufacturing and transportation to achieve growth and development. Another contributing factor to Chinese economic growth has been the huge urbanization process taking place over time. According to 2011 data released by National Bureau of Economic Statistics, chinas rural population (656 million) is exceeded by that of urban (690 million). The growing urbanization opens scope for growth in infrastructure sector, business and services. The more urbanization implies transformation of the society toward specialization from self-sustainability (Watson et al. 2014). Specialization as the tool of channelizing the power of capitalism creates wealth in the society with the help of educated and skilled labors. With improving per capita wealth, income also rises that further creates demand and allows business to set up and sprout up over time with creating source of gain for Shareholders. Market Condition: Even though from the existing economic condition of the country, the investment environment seems pretty positive with potent of rewards, the associated risk factors to any kind of investment should always be assessed and considered so that they can be handled with due care without letting them deter investment proceedings. China has free market economy that has evolved from the principles of free market. Leading a market like that amidst communist political presence calls for policies to ascertain the public welfare. The political influence has stronghold in the overall market capitalism. Share Market Condition: China has two national stock exchanges, Shanghai Stock Exchange and Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Creti, Jots and Mignon 2013). The former contains concentration of large corporate listings and conducts twice the transactions take place in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange which mostly deals with small enterprises and startups hence bigger and more active. Together both the exchanges consists one of the worlds largest market capitalization and the growth has started mostly after the reform in stock exchange in the year 1990. Releasing untradeable shares of state driven enterprises for trading, increasing stock market operated mutual funds, more liquid money market are few of the reason to explain the growth which has been volatile due to existing stock market bubbles sourced from combined effect of Chinas stability in growth and optimism of investors. Advantages Of Investment Apart from the market size and population hike, investment in China is advantageous due to some other factors like low labor costs, governmental policies that encourage special economic zones in the coastal areas (Capaldi 2013). Among the disadvantages one can mention changing context of law, corruption and complexities in the bureaucracy and administrative levels, lack of transparency, improper intellectual property rights, difficulty due to cultural differences encountered by the foreign business entities, less developed middle management and high turnover rate of staffs. Another major issue is volatility of currency value. The overall condition and performance of the Chinese stock market as well as investment get much impacted by the fluctuation of the exchange rates. To sum up it can be stated the competiveness, stability, regulatory environment, openness to trade additively contribute to build up the voluminous growth incorporating investment opportunities (Ding, Guariglia and K night 2013). South Africa: Share Market Condition: JSE Securities Exchange, the only licensed and full service securities stock exchange entity in South Africa shapes the financial structure of South African sophisticatedly acquiring 18th highest position all over the world in terms of market capitalization. JSE conducts listing, trading, clearing and settlement services regarding equities, interest rate and financial informational products. Proper budgetary policies of government in the country has been able to evoke cross border bond market with reasonable spread of risk stemming from rising government debt and high amount of current account deficit that earned the country poor rating (Jadhav 2012.). Investment Facts: The investment that the country recorded rose to 3.2% of the gross domestic product with contrast to the 2.7% global average. Private equity fund grew up to $103 billion. Investors are willing to take chance on the start-up companies that mostly deal with industries related to internet. Due to the growing trend of online shopping and business, small start ups are sprouting with opportunity of investment mostly focused in healthcare, technology and communication, green business that is energy and technology which is renewable as well as sustainable. OPIC is an assisting body that provides guidance regarding guarantee and grant of loans, insurance of risk in political domains to the US investors willing and already investing in South African market (Kavussanos, Visvikis and Dimitrakopoulos 2014). South Africa came into a bilateral agreement with USA in order to create a protocol that provide investment funds of $120 million to invest in equity within south and southern Africa. Even wit h existence of several positive factors in the South African economy, initially it has faced lots of challenge in order to attract moderate foreign direct investment. The situation took a turn from 2005 onwards. The ranges of investments include buying majority share of Absa Group Ltd. by Barclays, deals between Britain based Vodafone and South Africas Vodacom, acquiring Netbank by HSBC and acquisition of Massmart Holdings by Wal-Mart have been major inflow so far. Rich sports events that are organized here like world cup of football and cricket and emerging film industry have enormous opportunity for investment to be made. Amidst the few risk factors that endanger further growth of investment are the stagnation of the economy, presence of higher crime level in the society as well as social unrest stemming from control risk and subsequent food price hike. Deficiency in regulatory changes and politicization of the existing policies are one of the key factors driving down the confidence of business investors. The country has poor defense and protection system against cyber crime that acts as biggest turn off. Potential Investment Sectors: The enriching natural resources (coal, gold, nickel, platinum and uranium) of the country and diverse market that have strategic locations geographically implies for potent of more investment. It attracts attention of oil and gas sector from various exploration enterprises worldwide. Moreover the growth of middle class indicates growing spending power. The country comes with innovation and continuous research and development that is evident in the growing infrastructure. Adherence to sustainability implied through green technologies reduced adverse impact on the environment and created more jobs (Borel-Saladin and Turok 2013). The country has strong banking sector and legal and telecommunication sector are contributing to the total share of service that the country produce. The country is blessed with macro- economic stability that is over long period of time there are not substantial fluctuation in the performance of economic indicators. Supply of skilled labor at cheap price confirms the low cost of production at least compared to European countries. The cost of labor in manufacturing sector is one third less than that of European countries which further portfolio investments as well as direct investments in the country. The political stability is ascertained by compact and systematic legislation with provision of promotion training, development and enhancing of skills to match world class competences The ability of the country to meet prospective of the investors and traders made it a destination for trusted investment (Kevin 2015). The incentives provided to investors and interventions made by financials in industrial sector expanded volume of investment as well as boosted the trade and commercial activity. The country has strong tourism industry so urced from the drop-dead scenic beauty it has possessed and it has become business destination revolving around tours and travels (Saayman, Rossouw and Krugell 2012.). Conclusion The discussion can concluded with the fact that investment is important fact for bringing and encouraging growth in the national economy. Investment is that capital which further creates capital by being invested to expansionary business or production processes. With presence of volatility in the real world economy, risk is inevitable and requires to be successfully managed in order to promote benefit as per the plan at the heart of investment design. Derivative takes the responsibility of the risk minimization and almost every country of world has presence of derivative market in the financial systems. China being largest economy of the world carries huge potential for investments in production and business operation. The growing urbanization and population pressure create room for greater market for goods and services that further encourages business to be set up to cater to this growing demand. South Africa is not that large in terms of market size compared to China but the econom ic structure of the country has shaped domestic economy in a way that has been able to attract world class investments with becoming Africas most important destination ground for portfolio investments (Marais 2013). Investment though financial component but the success of it depends upon how they can breathe amidst political social and economic set up of the nation which additively brings forth the risk associated in investment plans and programs. Hence detection and removal of them through strategic policy making and execution are quite important to maintain economic expansionary growth that will propel the nation toward development. References Ahmed, S. and Zlate, A., 2014. Capital flows to emerging market economies: A brave new world?.Journal of International Money and Finance,48, pp.221-248. Ahuja, A. and Nabar, M., 2012. Investment-led growth in China: Global spillovers. Allen, J.L., 2012. Derivatives clearinghouses and systemic risk: a bankruptcy and Dodd-Frank analysis.Stan. L. Rev.,64, p.1079. Bezzina, F.H. and Grima, S., 2012. Exploring factors affecting the proper use of derivatives: an empirical study with active users and controllers of derivatives.Managerial Finance,38(4), pp.414-435. Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Marcus, A.J., 2014.Investments, 10e. McGraw-Hill Education. Borel-Saladin, J.M. and Turok, I.N., 2013. The impact of the green economy on jobs in South Africa.South African Journal of Science,109(9-10), pp.01-04. Brown, R., 2012. Analysis of investments management of portfolios. Capaldi, N. ed., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility(Vol. 21). New York: Springer. Chance, D.M. and Brooks, R., 2015.Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Creti, A., Jots, M. and Mignon, V., 2013. On the links between stock and commodity markets' volatility.Energy Economics,37, pp.16-28. Cvit Ani, J.A.A. and Zhang, J., 2013.Contract theory in continuous-time models. Springer-Verlag,. Ding, S., Guariglia, A. and Knight, J., 2013. Investment and financing constraints in China: does working capital management make a difference?.Journal of Banking Finance,37(5), pp.1490-1507. Fischer, M.M. and Frhlich, J. eds., 2013.Knowledge, complexity and innovation systems. Springer Science Business Media. Jadhav, P., 2012. Determinants of foreign direct investment in BRICS economies: Analysis of economic, institutional and political factor.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,37, pp.5-14. Kavussanos, M.G., Visvikis, I.D. and Dimitrakopoulos, D.N., 2014. Economic spillovers between related derivatives markets: The case of commodity and freight markets.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,68, pp.79-102. Kevin, S., 2015.Security analysis and portfolio management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Marais, H., 2013.South Africa pushed to the limit: The political economy of change. Zed Books Ltd.. Ramasamy, B., Yeung, M. and Laforet, S., 2012. China's outward foreign direct investment: Location choice and firm ownership.Journal of world business,47(1), pp.17-25. Saayman, M., Rossouw, R. and Krugell, W., 2012. The impact of tourism on poverty in South Africa.Development Southern Africa,29(3), pp.462-487. Watson, J.E., Dudley, N., Segan, D.B. and Hockings, M., 2014. The performance and potential of protected areas.Nature,515(7525), p.67.

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Essay Example

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Paper The chemical reactions within yeast are facilitated by enzymes; most enzymes optimal temperature range is warm. The warmer the water, the more the enzymes are in their optimal temperature angle and the more efficiently they catalyst chemical reaction; this makes the fermentation proceed more quickly. In this experiment, the effect of variation of temperature on the fermentation of yeast was tested. If temperature affects the fermentation of the yeast, then the rate of yeast fermentation will change with the different levels of temperature. To perform this experiment the following materials were used: 3 empty, clean water bottles, 3 latex balloons, 3 rubber bands, glass measuring cup (1 -cup capacity), teaspoon, tablespoon, all-purpose flour, granulated sugar, 10 degree Celsius water, 29 degree Celsius water, 43 agree Celsius water, and 3 packets of active dry yeast. To start this experiment, each empty, dry water bottle was filled with one 1/4 ounce packet of active dry yeast, 1 teaspoon of granulated sugar, 2 tablespoons of all-purpose flour, and 1 cup of room temperature distilled water. A latex balloon was then secured on the top of each bottle with a rubber band. 3 glass bowls were filled with water of varying temperatures. One water bottle filled with the yeast solution was placed in a glass bowl at 10 degrees Celsius, one placed in a bowl of 29 degrees Celsius, and the other placed in a bowl at 43 degrees Celsius. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By keeping all glass bowls at their constant initial temperature, observations and results found that temperature does indeed have effect on the fermentation of yeast. The water bottle that was placed in the cold water (10 degrees Celsius) had no change after 20 minutes. The water bottle placed in the room temperature water (29 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes; the solution slightly foamed inside the water bottle as the yeast fermented and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 21 h CM. The water bottle placed in the warm water (43 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes as well; the solution created very much foam inside the water bottle (about 2 inches above initial solution volume level) and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 30 CM. The picture above was taken with an phone to show visual results gathered by the experiment conducted. In conclusion, the higher the temperature of the water in the glass bowl, the more fermentation the yeast had.

African-American History Timeline 1930 to 1939

African-American History Timeline 1930 to 1939 Despite enduring the Great Depression and Jim Crow laws, throughout the decade of 1930, African-Americans continued to make great strides in the areas of sports, education, visual artistry and music. 1930 One of the first art galleries to feature African-American art is opened at Howard University. Founded by James V. Herring, the Howard University Gallery of Art is the first of its kind in the United States to have its artistic vision directed by African-Americans.The Black Muslim Movement is established in Detroit by Wallace Fard Muhammad. Within four years, Elijah Muhammad takes control of the religious movement, moving its headquarters to Chicago. 1931 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) hires Walter White as its executive secretary. With White in this role, the organization develops new strategies for ending racial discrimination.In March, nine African-American young men are accused of raping two white women. Their case begins on April 6 and they are quickly convicted of the crimes. However, the case of the Scottsboro Boys soon receives national attention and will help pave the way for the civil rights movement.Symphony composer William Grant Still becomes the first African-American to have his music performed by a major orchestra. 1932 A 40-year study begins in Tuskegee, Ala. testing the impact of syphilis on 400 African-American men. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is established through the U.S. Public Health Service. The men are never told they have the disease nor are they offered any treatment.Thomas Dorsey, known as the father of African-American gospel music. Dorsey writes Take My Hand, Precious Lord.Leon H. Washington publishes Sentinel in Los Angeles.Sculptor Augusta Savage opens the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts. Based out of New York City, it is considered the largest art center in the United States. 1933 James Weldon Johnson publishes his autobiography, Along This Way. Johnsons autobiography is the first person narrative by an African-American to be reviewed by the New York Times. Historian Carter G. Woodson publishes Mis-education of the Negro. 1934 W.E.B. Du Bois resigns from the NAACP.Zora Neale Hurston publishes her first novel, Jonahs Gourd Vine. 1935 The Southern Tenant Farmers Union is established by the Socialist Party to assist southern sharecroppers to fight for better wages and working conditions.Pianist Count Basie establishes Count Basie and His Orchestra, which will become one of the biggest bands of the Swing Era.The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Norris v. Alabama case that a defendant must have the right to a trial by jury by his/her peers. This ruling overturns the Scottsboro Boys early conviction.Mary McLeod Bethune establishes the National Council of Negro Womencalling more than 20 leaders of national womens organizations together. 1936 Bethune is appointed Director of the Division of Negro Affairs for the National Youth Administration. Bethune is the first African-American woman to receive a presidential appointment and is the highest-ranking African-American official in Theodore Roosevelts administration.Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics. His achievement defies Adolf Hitlers plan to use the Olympics to show the world Aryan Supremacy.The first medical textbook to be written by an African-American is entitled Syphilis and Its Treatment. The author is Dr. William Augustus Hinton.The first African-American federal judge is appointed by Roosevelt. William H. Hastie is appointed to the federal bench in the U.S. Virgin Islands. 1937 The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids signs a collective bargaining agreement with the Pullman Company.Joe Louis wins the heavyweight championship against James J. Braddock.The Negro Dance Group is founded by Katherine Dunham.Zora Neale Hurston publishes the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1938 The work of Jacob Lawrence debuts in an exhibition at the Harlem YMCA.Crystal Bird Fauset becomes the first African-American woman elected to a state legislature. She is chosen to serve in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. 1939 Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial in front of 75,000 people on Easter Sunday.The Black Actors Guild is founded by Bill Bojangles Robinson.Jane M. Bolin is appointed to the domestic relations court of New York City. This appointment makes her the first African-American woman judge in the United States.

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay

13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay An effective introductory paragraph both informs and motivates. It lets readers know what your essay is about and it encourages them to keep reading. There are countless ways to begin an essay effectively. As a start, here are 13 introductory strategies accompanied by examples from a wide range of professional writers. Introductory Strategies State your thesis briefly and directly (but avoid making a bald announcement, such as This essay is about . . .). It is time, at last, to speak the truth about Thanksgiving, and the truth is this. Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. . . . (Michael J. Arlen, Ode to Thanksgiving. The Camera Age: Essays on Television. Penguin, 1982)Pose a question related to your subject and then answer it (or invite your readers to answer it). What is the charm of necklaces? Why would anyone put something extra around their neck and then invest it with special significance? A necklace doesnt afford warmth in cold weather, like a scarf, or protection in combat, like chain mail; it only decorates. We might say, it borrows meaning from what it surrounds and sets off, the head with its supremely important material contents, and the face, that register of the soul. When photographers discuss the way in which a photograph reduces the reality it represents, they mention not only the passage fr om three dimensions to two, but also the selection of a point de vue that favors the top of the body rather than the bottom, and the front rather than the back. The face is the jewel in the crown of the body, and so we give it a setting. (Emily R. Grosholz, On Necklaces. Prairie Schooner, Summer 2007) State an interesting fact about your subject. The peregrine falcon was brought back from the brink of extinction by a ban on DDT, but also by a peregrine falcon mating hat invented by an ornithologist at Cornell University. If you cannot buy this, Google it. Female falcons had grown dangerously scarce. A few wistful males nevertheless maintained a sort of sexual loitering ground. The hat was imagined, constructed, and then forthrightly worn by the ornithologist as he patrolled this loitering ground, singing, Chee-up! Chee-up! and bowing like an overpolite Japanese Buddhist trying to tell somebody goodbye. . . . (David James Duncan, Cherish This Ecstasy. The Sun, July 2008)Present your thesis as a recent discovery or revelation. Ive finally figured out the difference between neat people and sloppy people. The distinction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people. (Suzanne Britt Jordan, Neat People vs. Sloppy People. Show and Tell. Morning Owl Press, 19 83) Briefly describe the place that serves as the primary setting of your essay. It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. A sickly light, like yellow tinfoil, was slanting over the high walls into the jail yard. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot of drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two. (George Orwell, A Hanging, 1931)Recount an incident that dramatizes your subject. One October afternoon three years ago while I was visiting my parents, my mother made a request I dreaded and longed to fulfill. She had just poured me a cup of Earl Grey from her Japanese iron teapot, shaped like a little pumpkin; outside, two cardinals splashed in the birdbath in the we ak Connecticut sunlight. Her white hair was gathered at the nape of her neck, and her voice was low. â€Å"Please help me get Jeff’s pacemaker turned off,† she said, using my father’s first name. I nodded, and my heart knocked. (Katy Butler, What Broke My Fathers Heart. The New York Times Magazine, June 18, 2010) Use the narrative strategy of delay: put off identifying your subject just long enough to pique your readers interest without frustrating them. They woof. Though I have photographed them before, I have never heard them speak, for they are mostly silent birds. Lacking a syrinx, the avian equivalent of the human larynx, they are incapable of song. According to field guides the only sounds they make are grunts and hisses, though the Hawk Conservancy in the United Kingdom reports that adults may utter a croaking coo and that young black vultures, when annoyed, emit a kind of immature snarl. . . . (Lee Zacharias, Buzzards. Southern Humanities Review, 2007)Using the historical present tense, relate an incident from the past as if it were happening now. Ben and I are sitting side by side in the very back of his mother’s station wagon. We face glowing white headlights of cars following us, our sneakers pressed against the back hatch door. This is our joyhis and mineto sit turned away from our moms and dads in this place that feels like a secret, as though they are not even in the car with us. They have just taken us out to dinner, and now we are driving home. Years from this evening, I won’t actually be sure that this boy sitting beside me is named Ben. But that doesn’t matter tonight. What I know for certain right now is that I love him, and I need to tell him this fact before we return to our separate houses, next door to each other. We are both five. (Ryan Van Meter, First. The Gettysburg Review, Winter 2008) Briefly describe a process that leads into your subject. I like to take my time when I pronounce someone dead. The bare-minimum requirement is one minute with a stethoscope pressed to someone’s chest, listening for a sound that is not there; with my fingers bearing down on the side of someone’s neck, feeling for an absent pulse; with a flashlight beamed into someone’s fixed and dilated pupils, waiting for the constriction that will not come. If I’m in a hurry, I can do all of these in sixty seconds, but when I have the time, I like to take a minute with each task. (Jane Churchon, The Dead Book. The Sun, February 2009)Reveal a secret about yourself or make a candid observation about your subject. I spy on my patients. Ought not a doctor to observe his patients by any means and from any stance, that he might the more fully assemble evidence? So I stand in doorways of hospital rooms and gaze. Oh, it is not all that furtive an act. Those in bed need only look up to discover me. But they never do. (Richard Selzer, The Discus Thrower. Confessions of a Knife. Simon Schuster, 1979) Open with a riddle, joke, or humorous quotation, and show how it reveals something about your subject. Q: What did Eve say to Adam on being expelled from the Garden of Eden? A: I think were in a time of transition. The irony of this joke is not lost as we begin a new century and anxieties about social change seem rife. The implication of this message, covering the first of many periods of transition, is that change is normal; there is, in fact, no era or society in which change is not a permanent feature of the social landscape. . . . (Betty G. Farrell, Family: The Making of an Idea, an Institution, and a Controversy in American Culture. Westview Press, 1999)Offer a contrast between past and present that leads to your thesis. As a child, I was made to look out the window of a moving car and appreciate the beautiful scenery, with the result that now I dont care much for nature. I prefer parks, ones with radios going chuckawaka chuckawaka and the delicious whiff of bratwurst and cigare tte smoke. (Garrison Keillor, Walking Down The Canyon. Time, July 31, 2000) Offer a contrast between image and reality- that is, between a common misconception and the opposing truth. They aren’t what most people think they are. Human eyes, touted as ethereal objects by poets and novelists throughout history, are nothing more than white spheres, somewhat larger than your average marble, covered by a leather-like tissue known as sclera and filled with nature’s facsimile of Jell-O. Your beloved’s eyes may pierce your heart, but in all likelihood they closely resemble the eyes of every other person on the planet. At least I hope they do, for otherwise he or she suffers from severe myopia (near-sightedness), hyperopia (far-sightedness), or worse. . . (John Gamel, The Elegant Eye. Alaska Quarterly Review, 2009)

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Proposal Case Study

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Proposal - Case Study Example A description of Brain Freeze’s existing â€Å"legacy† information systems Brain freeze ltd, it still relies on information systems that are not current and not able to accommodate the growth rate of the company. The company relies on an outdated financial accounting system known as solution 7. Solution 7 financial accounting system does not have a manufacturing module and does not support sales and marketing of the products. BrainFreeze Pty Ltd also uses excel spread sheets to record the warehouse inventories and track the distributions channels and record the different transactions. The company also relies on manual methods for the production and packaging operations. The tracking of data required for production is done using the available clipboards. The tracking of raw materials is facilitated by a pear tree module that is not adequately reliable as payments are made through the accounting system. Business processes One of the most common business processes at BrainFreeze Pty Ltd is the order management process where the customer’s order the products on phone. This process involves the set of actions that BrainFreeze Pty Ltd takes to ensure that they deliver the goods ordered by the customer. Some of the main steps include processing the order, production of the goods and delivery of the goods to the client. The production of the goods is done in case they are not available in the companies’ warehouse or if the customer makes the order according to their own preferences. Additionally to ensure customer satisfaction, the management of the orders is closely related to the Customer Relationship Management. The parties involved in the order management process include; the customer (orders the products on phone), the manufacturer (BrainFreeze Pty) and the shipping service process. Below is a flow chart for the ordering process; Another common business process at BrainFreeze Pty Ltd is t he accounting process that involves the recording of all sequential activities of how cash is received and how it is paid out. The accounting process is done through recording of various financial statements such as journals, ledgers and trial balance. Below is a flow chart for the current accounting process; The human resource management process is also common at BrainFreeze Pty Ltd. The human resource department in the organization is responsible for recruitment of new staff, management of the staff within the organization and providing direction for the staff members. The human resource management as a business process involves both the human resources department and the management. The human resource management process is also concerned with evaluating the staff’s performance, qualifications and their safety among others. This process also involves moving away the traditional staff members. The main goal of human resource management at BrainFreeze Pty Ltd is to enhance st rategic utilization of the staff members to influence the business in as beneficial way. Below is a flow chart for the human resource management process of staff hiring; How the proposed ERP streamlines the business processes This system is likely to eliminate most tedious tasks that are considered to be time consuming; therefore, the management of BrainFreeze Pty Ltd becomes more effective. Some of the benefits of the use of the modern improved systems include easier control over the different processes, clearer monitoring of operations, streamlining the supply chains and more efficient storage and retrieval of information. The system will give the managers a better view of the operation of the organization by easily accessing all the

Assignment #3 Petty v. Metropolitan Govt of Nashville & Davidson Research Paper

Assignment #3 Petty v. Metropolitan Govt of Nashville & Davidson County - Research Paper Example As is specified by Mollica (2008), at the heart of this, the principal dispute in this case is whether or not Metro had violated USERRA, in its handling or treatment of Petty. Petty had left the department for active duty with the United States Army and sought redeployment with the department after the completion of his military service. There are four key functions that USERRA performs. These include: the guaranteeing returning veterans the right of re-employment after military service; preventing employers from discriminating against returning veterans, in relation to their military service; prescribing the position to which army veterans are entitled upon their return; and preventing employers from firing returning veterans arbitrarily, within a year of reemployment. In light of the four functions, it is right to state that USERRA exists to consolidate the rights of returning veterans who are seeking reemployment upon return from service. However, even in light of the foregoing, Metro delayed re-hiring Petty by subjecting her through the entire return-to-work process. Secondly, Metro violated the reemployment provisions of USERRA by not according Petty the position he had been qualified for. The Court made a conclusion that Petty’s claim for discrimination under USERRA was legitimate and founded on truth because he had satisfied all the stipulations for the reinstatement. Again, the court continued that Petty’s petition for reemployment was made in a timely manner, and his discharge done honorably. In the USERRA lawsuit, Petty had cogently argued that the department had unlawfully delayed his reemployment and declined to restore him [Petty] to his patrol sergeant’s position. This was discriminatory against Petty, by virtue of his military service record. The argument by the department that it was merely observing uniform fitness for duty procedures which Nashville and the surrounding county did not suffice in the court. Metro

Supply Chain Management and Distribution Centers Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Management and Distribution Centers Essay 1. Wal-Mart has been able to achieve respectable leadership in the retail industry because of its focus on supply chain management. Discuss in detail the distribution and logistics system adopted by Wal-Mart. Ans : As the world’s largest retailer with net sales of almost $219 billion for the fiscal year 2002, Wal-Mart is considered a â€Å"best-in-class† company for its supply chain management practices. These practices are a key competitive advantage that have enabled Wal-Mart to achieve leadership in the retail industry through a focus on increasing operational efficiency and on customer needs Wal-Mart’s corporate website calls â€Å"logistics† and â€Å"distribution† the heart of its operation, one that keeps millions of products moving to customers every day of the year. Wal-Mart’s complete Supply chain is aligned to provide maximum value to its customers by Every day low prices in its Stores. Wal-Mart’s highly-automated distribution centers, which operate 24 hours a day and are served by Wal-Mart’s truck fleet, are the foundation of its growth strategy and supply network. In the United States alone, the company has more than 40 regional distribution centers for import flow and more than 140 distribution centers for domestic flow .When entering a new geographic arena, the company first determines if the area will be able to contain enough stores to support a distribution center. Each distribution center supports between 75 to 100 retail stores within a 250-mile area. Once a center is built, stores are gradually built around it to saturate the area and the distribution network is realigned to maximize efficiencies through a process termed â€Å"reoptimization†. The result is a â€Å"trickle-down† effect: trucks do not have to travel as far to retail stores to make deliveries, shorter distances reduce transportation costs and lead time, and shorter lead time means holding less safety inventory. If shortages do occur, replenishment can be made more quickly because stores receive daily deliveries from distribution centers. The company’s hub-and-spoke distribution network utilizes a system of manufacturer storage with customer pickup. No inventory is stored at Wal-Mart’s distribution centers. Wal-Mart’s fleet of 3,500 dedicated trucks and over 50,000 trailers are used to pick up goods directly from manufacturers’ warehous es, thus eliminating intermediaries and increasing responsiveness. The use of trucks raises transportation costs but is justified in terms of reduced inventory. Merchandise brought in by truck to distribution centers is sorted for delivery to stores within 24 to 48 hours. However, certain goods, such as automotive and drug products, are delivered directly to stores by suppliers. Wal-Mart, a pioneer in the logistics technique of cross-docking, also has store-specific orders packed and shipped directly to the store by the manufacturer. Because Wal-Mart’s fast, responsive transportation operations are such a major part of the company’s successful logistics system, great care is taken in the hiring, training, supervising, and assigning of drivers’ schedules and job responsibilities. From the onset of his retailing career, Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton recognized the importance of hiring experienced people and of building loyalty not only in his customers but also in his employees. The company hires only experienced drivers who have driven more than 300,000 accident-free miles and whom it believes will be committed to customer service. Its retail stores are considered important â€Å"customers† of the distribution centers. As stated in the â€Å"Private Fleet Driver Handbook† that each driver is given a copy of, drivers are expected to be â€Å"polite† and â€Å"kind† when dealing with store personnel and others. In addition to containing a driver’s code of conduct, the Private Fleet Driver Handbook gives instructions and rules for following pre-planned travel routes and schedules, the responsible unloading of a truck trailer at a retail store, and the safe-guarding of Wal-Mart’s property. For example, although drivers deliver loaded trailers in the afternoon and evening hours, a trailer can be brought to the store’s docks only at its scheduled unloading time. Because unloading is done at two-hour intervals during the night, a driver is expected to spend the night, returning to the distribution center at a pre-scheduled time with an empty trailer. Coordinators closely monitor the detailed records of each driver’s activities for adherence to rules. Violations are dealt with according to handbook procedures, which include employee education to prevent future occurrences of incorrect actions. By effectively managing every aspect of its transportation operations and treating its drivers fairly, Wal-Mart gets results that are unrivaled in the logistics arena. Rules are a key to consistency, which leads to preparedness, which then leads to proper execution. To gain maximum out of cross-docking, Walmart had to make fundamental changes in its approach to managerial control. The cross-docking system changed the practice of highly centralized decision at Corporate level.The system shifted the focus from â€Å"supply chain† to the â€Å"demand chain† which meant that instead of the retailer ‘pushing ‘products into the system; customers could ‘pull’ products, when and where they needed.

Teenage Marriage :: essays research papers

The rapid increase in the number of early marriages over the past several years coupled with the extremely high rate of divorce within this same group makes this subject extremely important. If you are a teenager and are seriously considering an early marriage, these are a number of potential problem areas of which you should be aware, so that, if you do decide that this is the best course of action, you will be alert to the possible difficulties which could lie ahead. First, the problem of adequate financial support is obvious. Although money does not buy happiness, it is true that a tight financial situation can create tensions which can undermine an otherwise happy relationship. While some financial problems are to be expected in almost any new marriage, it is important to take time to think sensibly, so that such problems will not destroy what could otherwise be a beautiful relationship, if not undertaken prematurely. This is not to suggest that you wait about marriage until every possible financial problem has been completely solved, but rather simply suggests that you do not close your eyes to the real situation whatever it may be. Talk with other young couples who have been married for several months to get a more realistic idea of the financial problems you are likely to face. It is unfortunate, but true, that what sounds like a lot of money to you now, may seem to be very little when monthly bills must be met. It is also a good idea to realize that if parents or in-laws are depended upon too heavily for financial support that this can provide the basis for other later family conflicts as well. Regardless of the good intentions involved, it is almost always true that the person who controls the money ultimately rules the situation. Although some newly married couples find it necessary to temporarily make their home with their parents, this is generally not a wise choice unless absolutely necessary and then only for as short a period of time as possible. (Genesis 2:24). The old proverb which states that "no house is large enough for two women" can also apply to other members of the family as well. Not only does this type of arrangement tend to produce family conflicts, but the lack of privacy also tends to make early sexual adjustments much more difficult, thereby producing an atmosphere which can lead to far more serious problems in later years.

CASTLE’S FAMILY RESTAURANT: HRIS NEEDS ASSESSMENT Essay

Introduction Jay Morgan, an Operations and HR Manager for Castle’s Family Restaurant has asked Preston’s HR consulting firm for a HRIS application proposal that will reduce the time spent traveling between the Castle’s Family Restaurants eight restaurants in the northern California area and help him complete his HR tasks in a cost-effective manner while allowing Mr. Morgan to do part of his HR tasks from his office. The following paragraphs provide a business assessment, detailing the type and size of Castle’s Family Restaurant, the identified HR problems, and a HRIS needs assessment. I have concluded with a brief overview and closed with why a HRIS application is the right strategic choice for Castle’s Family Restaurant. Business Assessment Castle’s Family Restaurant is part of the restaurant industry which according to the National Restaurant Association (2013) is now 13.1 million employees strong, and expected to increase 9.8 percent to 14.4 million by 2023. Castle’s Family Restaurant’s mission is to promote customer loyalty by providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value and to promote employee loyalty through leadership training, promotion, benefits, and rewards. Castle’s Family restaurant currently employee’s approximately 300-340 employees of which 40% is full time; in the eight restaurants owned in the northern California area. Currently Jay Morgan is both operations  manager and HR manager for the eight restaurants in which time and money is spent traveling between the eight restaurants to manually complete each restaurants HR tasks. Sales have shown improvement over the past ten years since Castle’s Family Restaurant opened up their doors, but contin ue to struggle with employee satisfaction that accounts for the increased turnover rates the company has experienced in the past two years. It is the mission of the company to not only satisfy their customers needs but also their employee’s and therefore it is imperative that the necessary means be taken to decrease the increased employee turnover rates. Identified Problems Castle’s Family Restaurant’s concerns over the past two years are with the increased employee turnover rates. Even though sales have increased Castle’s Family Restaurant is concerned with future revenue and profitability, low workplace moral, and deteriorating product and service quality which are negative impacts from high employee turnover rates. In order to reduce turnover rates more attention must be given to employee training, promoting, benefits, and rewards. Right now Mr. Morgan is spending time and money traveling among the eight restaurants in order to manage scheduling, recruiting, hiring, payroll, and answering employee’s questions; leaving little to no time for developing the employee’s. By automating HR tasks Mr. Morgan can travel less, spend less, and have more time developing the employee’s which in turn will reduce employee turnover rates. Scheduling software can help automate the process of assigning the right number of emplo yees to perform the tasks that need to be performed on each workday and during each meal service. Workflow software will aid in the hiring process by allowing applicants to fill out applications online, upload documents, and allow criteria’s to be set weed out prospects. Even though one-on-one training is important, technology can be used to track the development of employees and also be used in ways of training videos and manuals. Automating payroll will reduce the time spent on them and help avoid mistakes that can lead to legal repercussions. Specialized software exists for both payroll calculation and tips reporting; which exist in the restaurant industry. Such software can help Mr. Morgan by automatically calculating payroll while remaining in compliance with the relevant legislation, make it easier to enter payroll data into databases where it  can be searched, and save time that would’ve been wasted on manual calculation. Payroll software can also help with ot her measures such as directly depositing paychecks into employees’ bank accounts. Though, I believe that each HR tasks listed above could benefit the company if automated, it is in the best interest of Mr. Morgan and Castle’s Family Restaurant to automate payroll to reduce errors and compliance issues and also free up some time which can be used for employee development. HRIS Needs Assessment Currently Mr. Morgan uses Excel spreadsheets and a computer application to print payroll checks. He spends on the average eight hours to process payroll for the approximant 300-340 Castle’s Family Restaurant employees. Without schedule software each manager at the eight restaurants have to print weekly schedules and make changes as necessary throughout the week; increasing errors. Mr. Morgan enters the schedules in the Excel spreadsheets which he relies on his knowledge of Excel to make the correct calculations. An automated time keeping system will track employee hours and pay hourly employees accordingly; it will also allow Mr. Morgan to import employee hours into payroll software which will compute the time worked; which saves Mr. Morgan time from having to manually calculate employee’s payments and deductions. Automated payroll is also a record keeper which the â€Å"IRS requires employers to keep employment tax records for a minimum of four years. Furthermore, the U.S. Department of Labor requires payroll records to be kept for at least three years† (Grace, 2014). With a HRIS application Castle’s Family Restaurant can connect all eight restaurants in the northern California area. HRIS will assist Castle’s Family Restaurant in two major areas: recording and recruiting. HRIS will allow the company to invest more time and money in their most valuable resource their employees. Conclusion It is without a doubt that Castle’s Family Restaurant is in need of Automating HR tasks in order to save time and money while keeping their customers and employee’s satisfied; because we all know that if the employee is not happy, neither is the customer. It is my suggestion that payroll be the first HR function to be automated. By Automating payroll time is saved,  errors are reduced; payments and deductions, and records are kept while keeping in compliance with state and federal regulations. Reference Grace, N., (2014). What are the Benefits of Automating a Payroll System? Chron. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-automating-payroll-system-2126.html National Restaurant Association. (2013). Jobs & Careers Powerhouse. Retrieved from http://www.restaurant.org/Industry-Impact/Employing-America/Jobs-Careers-Powerhouse

Eligibility Rules

An eligibility rule for the Salvation Army is all applicants to have to have children under 18 living with them. HACK does not require you to have children, however, you do need to have a referral from another non-profit organizations. Another eye difference between the two agencies would be the criminal back ground check. The Salvation Army specifies â€Å"anyone convicted of a felony, violent offence or sexual offence will not be accepted into the program. † (testosterone, 2014).Whereas HACK_A merely mentions that they will conduct a background check. The biggest difference between the two is that the Salvation Army is very specific with their requirements. For example, they do not accept anyone who is not practicing sobriety, or at least been sober for 12 months, and requires proof. They also require all children to be enrolled in school, but do not accept home schooling as a form of school. The HACK_A does not mention sobriety as a part of their eligibility rules.A similar ity between both agencies would be they both provide services to help the participants achieve the ultimate goal of becoming independent, and maintaining a permanent living situation. Also, both agencies mention that participants must meet the low income guidelines. However, HACK mentions their applicants have to meet the very low income guidelines which is listed as $28,550 according to their link (1 person). Whereas, the Salvation Army has heir income requirements listed as low income.

Biography of Edward Estlin Cummings

Biography of Edward Estlin Cummings Free Online Research Papers In Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1894, Edward Estlin Cummings was born into this world. Ever since Cummings was a young boy, he seemed to show a great interest in poetry in art; however, this form of poetry would be like none of that which we know today. He was raised by both of his parents. His father, a sociology professor at Harvard University whose name was also Edward, was always there for his son and tried to help him in any way that he could. Cummings’ mother’s name was Rebecca (Napierkowski 84). Neither of his two parents knew that someday their son would grow into one of the most well known and most respected writers and artists of his day. As Cummings matured into a young adult, he attended Harvard University from the year 1911 to 1915. He received his Bachelors Degree in 1915 and his Masters Degree in 1916. (Napierkowski 84). â€Å"In college he had followed the Imaginist principles for poetry laid down by Ezra Pound: to use the rhythms of common speech rather than metrical regularity, to strive for compression and precision.† (Gale 5) At the beginning of World War I, Cummings enlisted and joined the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Service in France. During his service, he wrote major poems that are famous to this day. Not long after being in the service, he was sent to a French internment camp for four months because of suspicion of treason. As serious as this was, Cummings found this funny and entertaining. While he was there, he wrote one of his most well known letters titled, â€Å"The Enormous Room.† (Napierkowski 85). Cumming’s father made use of his contacts involved in the government and negotiated the release of his son from the camp. When Cummings was out, he returned to New York and pursued painting, but he was soon drafted back into the war in 1918. Cummings spent one year at Camp Danvers in Massachusetts. While there he wrote prolifically. After he was out yet again, he had an affair with his friend Schofield Thayer’s wife, Elaine, with Thayer’s knowledge and permission. In 1919, Cumming’s daughter Nancy was born; however, she was given the last name of Thayer. After Thayer and his wife divorced, Cummings and Elaine married in 1924. They then legally adopted Nancy. Cummings and Elaine enjoyed traveling Europe widely. They alternatively lived in Paris and New York. E. E. Cummings was an expressionist. Expressionism emerged as a movement in painting in the nineteenth century and it reached its peak in the 1920’s. â€Å"He started his career as a poet and painter: he published his first poetry collection in, â€Å"Tulips and Chimneys.† (Napierkowski 85). Cumming’s poetry, like painting, uses symbols to express what is essentially unsayable. â€Å"These symbols yoke together opposites- the individual and the collective; the outside and the inside.† (Thomasen 155). Cummings attempted to reconcile contradictions and get at the truth. â€Å"Expressionists are interested in translating their subjunctive feelings and perceptions rather than realistically describing the empirical world.† (Thomasen 155). â€Å"He attempted to pierce the world, to get at the truth lying beneath it.† (Thomasen 155). He expressed ideas through new grammatical usage; he employed verbs as nouns, and other locutions as new linguistic creations. â€Å"Cumming’s early poems had nevertheless discovered an original way of describing chaotic immediacy of sensuous experience.† (Gale 5). His visually directed free verse shows an even greater variety of subject and mood. It ranges from children’s songs and romantic lyrics through antiwar satires and epigrammatic at looks on his contemporaries to realistic vignettes of life. Research Papers on Biography of Edward Estlin CummingsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Honest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that destroys nerve cells and causes disability. The nerve cells gradually break down and die. Muscle twitching, weakness in a limb, or slurred speech is how ALS typically starts. It eventually affects the muscles needed to move, speak, and breath.The disease is progressive, and currently there is no cure for ALS. It belongs to a larger group of disorders known as motor neuron diseases, which are caused by gradual deterioration and death of motor neurons. In ALS, both the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons degenerate or die, and stop sending messages to the muscles. Most people with ALS die from respiratory failure, usually within 3 to 5 years from when the symptoms first appear. The majority of ALS cases are considered sporadic, which means the disease seems to occur at random with no clearly associated risk factors and no family history of the disease. Whereas around 5 to 10 percent of ALS cases are familial, which means that an individual inherits the disease from his or her parents. Signs and symptoms include: difficulty walking or doing ADLs; tripping and falling; weakness in the leg, feet, or ankles; hand weakness or clumsiness; slurred speech or trouble swallowing; muscle cramps and twitching in the arms, shoulders, and tongue; difficulty holding the head up or keeping good posture. ALS most often begins in the hands, feet, or limbs, and later spreads to other parts of the body. Muscles will progressively weaken as the disease advances. ALS doesn’t typically affect senses, thinking ability, or bowel or bladder control. In some ALS cases the disease is inherited, while the others remain with no known cause. Researchers are also looking into gene mutation, chemical imbalances, disorganized immune responses, and protein mishandling. Research is also being done into cellular defects, stem cells, family versus sporadic ALS, biomarkers, and new treatment options.Various risk factors include heredity, age, sex, and genetics. Environmental factors that may tri gger or affect risk of ALS include smoking, environmental toxin exposure, and military service. Complications that people with ALS may experience include breathing problems, speaking problems, eating problems, and dementia. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis can be hard to diagnose early on because it mimics many other neurological diseases. Tests to rule out other conditions may include electromyogram (EMG), nerve conduction study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blood and urine tests, spinal tap, or muscle biopsy. Treatment for ALS can slow the progression of symptoms, prevent complications, and make a person more comfortable. Two medications are currently approved for the treatment of ALS, Riluzole (Rilutek) and Edaravone (Radicava). A doctor may also prescribe medications to provide relief from symptoms including muscle cramps and spasms, spasticity, constipation, fatigue, excessive salivation, excessive phlegm, pain, depression, sleep problems, and uncontrolled outbursts of laughing or crying. Some therapies that people with ALS can do include breathing care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, nutritional support, psychological and social support.

Unit 3 Taxation and Representation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Taxation and Representation - Assignment Example ight by a considerable extent, which was evident by having a close look on their respective approaches towards fulfilling such rights effectively (Ward, â€Å"History in the Making: An Absorbing Look at How American History Has Changed in the Telling over the Last 200 Years†). According to Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams, the right of taxation was referred to an option, which has been provided to the willing Englishmen by the British government. However, this provision changed with time. The political rights belonged exclusively to the colonists included the right to vote, order or proceed whereas, the power and authority over the British parliament remained confined to the concerning authorities. The above stated rights regarding the power to vote, order and proceed were only agreed upon by the legislation and the Parliament in terms of sharing with the colonists (Hanover, â€Å"Samuel Adams, and The Rights of the Colonists†). The existence of unrealistic expectations about the relationship prevailed between the mother country and its colonies can be duly considered as a major cause for the revolt brought upon by the colonists over Great Britain. For instance, the unrealistic and the ineffective mandates set up by the Parliament gradually resulted in raising several debates about taxation in the 1700s (GMW, â€Å"Soame Jenyns the Objections to the taxation considerd

Sustainable Development of Tourism Snowdonia Park Dissertation

Sustainable Development of Tourism Snowdonia Park - Dissertation Example This essay declares that Snowdonia is a region of north Wales and a National Park spread over 2170 square kilometres. The Park is governed by the 18 member Snowdonia National Park Authority, which is made up of local government and Welsh national representatives. This paper makes a conclusion that literature has been briefly reviewed at this stage to develop an overview for the current thinking and has been extended to cover a few books, Journals and some relevant sites on the Internet. The survey targets identifying and understanding recommended practices from academe, practical project experiences and opinions of policy drivers. Unmanaged tourism can threaten the economy and ecology of a region. Sustainable tourism sees tourism as a triangular relationship between host areas and their habitats and peoples, holidaymakers, and the tourism industry†. Sustainable tourism aims to reconcile the tensions between the three partners in the triangle, and maintain the equilibrium in the long term (ibid). Sustainable tourism aims to minimise environmental and cultural damage, optimise visitor enjoyment, and maximize long- term economic growth for the region. It is way of obtaining a balance between the growth potential of tourism and the conserva tion needs of the environment. The presence of a tourism centre in an area adds to the quality of life of residents and contributes to their economic well being. However, the economic benefits of the presence of a tourist centre or cost of lack of it have not being seriously considered.

Effective hand hygiene in clinical settings Literature review

Effective hand hygiene in clinical settings - Literature review Example Hand hygiene is very important for the general public especially those who handle food and those who work in medical centers as poor hand hygiene may cause respiratory infections such as influenza and common cold according to the Joint Commission Resources (2008). The Joint Commission Resources (2008) and Mulder (1999) concur that in healthcare provisions, hand hygiene is the responsibility to all people involved. This is because when the health practitioners have contaminated hands, the patients are put at risk of developing infections. Therefore, to prevent infections, the healthcare practitioners must decontaminate their hands before and after each and every episode of direct contact or care with a patient (AORN, 1999; Lautenbach, Woeltje & Preeti 2010). Currently, hand hygiene is recognized to be important in providing quality care to the patients and is included in the standards for hospital accreditation. There have been new developments in the area of medical care and due to t hese developments most research bodies have reviewed the available literature and come up with new guidelines for hand hygiene. The guidelines are intended for use by all healthcare practitioners within the healthcare settings. Bacteria on the skin There are two main groups of microorganisms that are found on the skin, that is, resident flora and transient flora. Transient floras are bacteria that colonize the superficial layer of the skin. The transient floras are commonly associated with healthcare infections but can easily be removed by hand washing or social hand hygiene. An example of transient flora is staphylococcus aureus. The resident floras colonize the deeper layer of the skin and are difficult to remove. Examples include diphtheroids and coagulase negative staphylococci. The resident floras are usually not associated with healthcare infections according to CDC (2002) and Lindh, Pooler and Tamparo (2009). Hand hygiene is intended to reduce colonization with transient flor a. Removal of the transient flora can be achieved through hand washing or hand disinfection. Hand washing is the use of water alone or the use of water and unmedicated detergent to clean the hand according to Mulder (1999) and CDC (2002). The main objective of hand washing is to prevent cross transmission of disease causing organisms. Hygienic hand wash is also similar to hand washing except that instead of unmedicated detergent, an antiseptic agent is used. Hand disinfection refers to the use of antiseptic solution, either medicated soap or alcohol to clean the hand. Substances used in hand hygiene There are different types of substances used in hand hygiene for cleaning. The substances used include soap and detergents, antibacterial soap, hand antiseptic and water. These substances are used to clean different dirt. For example, water alone cannot be used to clean the skin because on its own it cannot remove fats, oils and pathogens; it has to be used together with soaps and deterg ents. The temperature of the water used in cleaning the hands also varies, for in some instances warm water is used and in some cold may be used. For instance, when cleaning oils or fats it is advisable to use war water (World Health Organization, 2006). Antibacterial soaps are those with antibacterial agents that help in fighting or cleaning the bacteria and the hand antiseptics are non water based hand hygiene agents. The hand antiseptic

Strategic management: TESCO

Strategic management: TESCO TESCO was founded in 19th century by John Edward Cohen. It is the leading super market in the UK and an international retailer. Its main competitors are Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons etc. TESCO has 2,482 stores and employs 287,669 people in UK. It firmly focused on grocery retailer and further manages petrol forecourt business. It also operates a website for selling Real estate to the people. (TESCO, 2010) The retail outlets of TESCO run in six formats: TESCO Extra [larger and stocks almost all Tescos product ranges]. TESCO Express [neighbourhood convenience stores and stocking high margin food products]. TESCO Metro [located in city centres and on the high streets of towns]. TESCO Home plus [ stores having varieties of non-food items] One stop [the word TESCO is not included in its name and included some of the smallest stores] (TESCO, 2010) TESCO was just a grocery stall, which undergoes several changes and now it is one of the best supermarket dealing not only with food and drink but also diversified into areas like home, clothing, telecommunication, financial services, electronics, car, internet services and many more. (TESCO, 2010) What is change? It is the process of getting from where you are to the outcomes you wants (Wikipedia.org, 2010). Every company need strategic change in order to compete in this world of technology. Similarly, TESCO has undergone several strategic changes, this report will going to discuss one of its change that is Self-checkout machines. It was first introduced in East Dereham, Norfolk in 2003; this AUTOMATED CHECKOUT MACHINE (ACM) is created by Production Solutions (PSI). .According to PSI, TESCO is testing ACM 700, which has original conveyer based lane design. It is easy to use and customer friendly because of its full colour touch screen. TESCO becomes the second chain to operate this system which allows the customers to scan and pay for their shopping without any interference of the staff (Decisions news media, 2010) According to Richard Dodd, Response by both customers and staff has been overwhelmingly positive. Customers are telling us that the ACM self checkout is simple to use and they are using it for both large and small orders. Our staff is telling us its exciting, fun and they welcome the increased opportunity to interact with customers.(Richard Rodd, 2010) TESCO claims that their system of self check out can handles large and small orders at any day time whereas marks and spencers system was for small orders only. (TESCO, 2010) After its success in East Dereham, TESCO has introduced it to other stores also. Now 6,000 self service tills are working in its 1,200 stores. This is a great improvement since the self check out was first implemented. A spokeswoman said Many customers actually prefer using our self-service checkouts as its sometimes the quickest way to pay, particularly if you only have a few items.(independent.co.uk, 2010) THE NEED FOR THIS CHANGE: Why TESCO need this change of introducing self check machines? There are various reasons for this which is as follows: For business development To increase the sales To reduce the congestion on checkouts To compete with its competitors To accelerate the checkout processes To cut the labour cost with point of sales To save the time of customers To utilize the latest technology (scribd.com, 2010) THE FACTORS DRIVING NEED FOR THE CHANGE: There are certain external and internal factors which drives this strategic change in TESCO, which are discussed below: CUSTOMERS VALUE: It is making shopping experience interesting for the customers and retaining existing customers and attracting the new one. GROWING CUSTOMER BASE: The customers were getting irritated by standing in long queues so to ease overcrowding on checkouts especially when they are buying few items. TECHNOLOGY: Technology is playing an important role in the success of the organisation. TESCO enhancing its technology and improving its operational efficacy with the implementation of self check out machines. COMPETITORS: The use of self-checkout system is distinguishing TESCO from the other retailers and its attaining competitive advantage against its competitors PROFITS: The self checkout system gives profit to TESCO by cutting the labour cost for instance instead of hiring five cashiers only one cashier will be enough for five self checkouts. (scribd.com, 2010) THE RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS OF NOT RESPONDING THE CHANGE: EMPLOYEES: People fear and resist change for a variety of reasons. For example, the self check out machines is not much appreciated by the employers because of fear of losing their jobs. They should be motivated to learn and encouraged to improve their approach to customers. FINANCIES: Company needs funding for its strategic change like involving stakeholders. The stake holders have financial expectations that will influence an organisations business strategies. It all depends on what kinds of funding are required. TESCO want to introduce these machines in all its stores, for this it needs money and financial support. TECHNOLOGY: Introducing self checkout machines is a technological change. The management need to focus on technical skills which are required to operate these machines and making them easier to use for the customers. The success or failure of strategy of an organisation depends upon the ways that technology is developed, organised and funded. (scrbd.com, 2010) 1.4 MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL CHANGE, TEAM CHANGE, AND ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE: ADKAR MODEL [ a model for individual change] (changemanagement.com) This model is developed by Jeff Hiat, CEO of Prosci Change management in 2003.Accordig to him; this model has five actions which are working as building blocks for the individual change. These are as follows: Awareness for the of change: With the help of this step an individual (employee) will fully understand why the change is necessary. It is the first key aspect of successful change. Desire to participate and support the change: This step is building desire in an individual to support and be part of the change and this can only happen after full knowledge of the need for change is established. Knowledge on how to change: This step explains two types of knowledge that the individual need to know. Firstly, knowledge on how to change and secondly, knowledge on how to perform once the change is implemented. Ability to implements required skills and behaviours: The froth step is about the actual performance of the individual which needs to be supported. It can be achieved through training, coaching and practice. Rein enforcement to sustain the change: The final step is about making sure that changes stay in place and it can be attained through positive feedback, measuring performance, incentives and taking corrective actions. (changemangement.com) LEWINS FORCEFIELD MODEL [An organisational change model] (consulpivotal.com) This model is developed by Kurt Lewin in 1951.It suggest that there are two kinds of forces one is the driving force and the other is the resisting force which keep the systems of an organisation in an equilibrium state. Lewin also suggested a three-stage theory of change, these stages are as follows: Unfreeze-creation of motivation to change: This stage is about moving the entire business towards inspiration for change.it gives the understanding of why change is necessary and it is the time to get ready for the change. Change or transition: After the first stage now the people are moving towards a new being. It is difficult part for them as they are unsure or even fearful. Support like coaching and training is really important here. Freezing or refreezing: It is about reinforcing the change and ensuring that it is accepted and continues into the future. Without this stage, the people can go back and star doing the work that they used to do in the past. (umfortu.net, 2010) TUCKMAN FORMING STORMING NORMING PERFORMANCE MODEL [Team model change] (hubpages.com,2010) Dr Bruce Tuck man published his Forming Storming Norming performance model in 1965.its four stages are as follows: Forming stage 1: In this stage, team is built and the task is assigned to the team members. The team gets to one another and learns about the opportunities and challenges. They agree on goals and begin to face the tasks. Storming stage 2: In this phase, relationship between team members will be made or broken this phase can be very damaging for the team. Norming stage 3: In this stage, every member of the team takes responsibility and has the desire to work for the success of the teams goals. Performing stage 4: The high performing team reach this phase. They are now competent and can make most of their decisions without supervision. (businessballs.com, 2010) RELEVANCE OF THE MODELS TO THE CHANGE IN THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE: In current economic climate, change is widespread among all the organisations. It has become an everyday part of an organisational dynamics. Change is not something which can be done overnight. Organisation can use various models of change to apply change successfully in an organisation. According to Collerette, in todays business environment, the only thing that appears to remain constant is change (Collerette, 2002). Companies constantly face pressures to change in changing economic conditions. It is necessary for the organisations to anticipate the change and prepare for it through planning. Adkar Model: The high failure rate of all business change initiatives is because an organisation emphasis more on the process rather than people. Adkar model plays a vital role in handling this kind of situations. For example, in self checkout system, employees need to be motivated and to make them aware of how important this change is for the business for TESCO. This model helps the company to involve employees in the change, as the result of it they get interested in it. Bruce tuck mans model: In the current economic situation change can be successful in an organisation with mutual understanding of team members. Team leader needs to have interpersonal skills which help the members to achieve their goals. People are very sensitive about their work so they need to be given security to work in a team. Kurt Lewins model: This model moves the entire business towards motivation for change. TESCO should reinforce the change (self check out system) ensuring that the desired change is accepted and maintained in the future. It is necessary because if the change is not freeze people can start doing the work in the same they use to do it in the past. 1.5 STRATEGIC INTERVENTION TECHNIQUES: These intervention techniques teaches how to set goals, ways to overcome obstacles in your life, how to reform their thought patterns to turn negative thoughts into positive patterns and to educate effective communication skills which are essential to business of all types. There are various strategic intervention methods such as: Role playing: This part of training is very essential for TESCO which enables individual to handle the given situations. It prepares them to perform without involvement of managers. (strategicintervention.com, 2010) Survey feedback: It is important for TESCO to collect information from personal interviews and survey questionnaires and share it with its employeers.This effective feedback should be understandable and encouraging receivers. (strategicintervention.com, 2010) Team development: This can help TESCO to set goals and to examine the way a group is working. This helps to give a view to the relationship among the people working together. It also assists to change the culture of the organization (strategicintervention.com, 201o) MBO approach: MBO (management by objectives) techniques of performance evaluation are results-oriented. Its important for TESCO to measure the performance of its employees and solve interpersonal problems peacefully. (management4you.blogspot.com, 2009) Proactive and reactive: Managers cannot directly change employees attitudes. Therefore they need to motivate them in directly by improving work conditions and becoming more operative leaders. For example, Managers had to organize workshops to motivate cashiers who have the fear of losing their jobs. (Foodanddrink.com, 2010) 1.6 SYSTEMS INVOLVE STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PLANNING OF CHANGE: STAKEHOLDER: Any group or individual who can affect or {be} affected by the achievements of organisational objectives.(Business Strategy, 2002, p.2) The stakeholders are divided into two kinds of categories: External Stakeholders Customers Shareholders Suppliers Trade bodies Governments Competitors Local community Internal Stakeholders Employees Directors Employees representatives for example Union Trades (Business strategy, p.27) When any company undergoes change, a lot of people for top to bottom are involved in it. Therefore in order to implement the change successfully you need to involve them otherwise it will be a failure. For the self check out system TESCO can adopt stakeholder analysis and engagement (systems to involve stakeholders). 1.8 DEVELOP A CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY WITH STAKE HOLDERS: Without involving external and internal stakeholders, TESCO cannot introduce this change of self checkout system. There are two major approaches to stakeholder management. One is stakeholder analysis and the other is stakeholder planning. The steps of stakeholder analysis are explained as follows: Identify your stakeholders: Tesco needs to first identify who their stakeholders are, for their strategic change. In this change of self check out system, both external and internal stakeholders are involved such as employers, customers, the press, managers, shareholders, financers, suppliers etc. Prioritize your stakeholders: Then we have to classify them by their power over work and by their interest in work. High power and high interested people for self checkouts are customers, employers, senior managers etc. these are the people we should get fully engaged with and make the greatest efforts to satisfy them. High power and low interest people, the company should satisfied them but not so much that they become bored. Less power and high interest people, TESCO keep them informed as they can be helpful in the change. Less power and less interest people, company should monitor them. Understanding your key stakeholders: TESCO needs to understand what financial interest they have related to the change. How you can motivate them and what information they want from you? If they are not likely to be positive what will win them around to support your project? In order to answer these questions TESCO should talk to them directly. By engaging the right people in the right way in your project, you can make a big difference to its success and to your career.(mindtools.com, 2010) Now they need to engage stakeholders in their strategic change. The most effective way to involve stakeholders is communication strategy. The company should talk to them in a very friendly and co-operative manner. Customer satisfaction should be given the first priority by making self check out systems easy and usable for them. For this they can do a survey feedback and can get their support. Senior managers need to be given training for these machines so that they can mentor their employees. Staff should be given a clear vision of why these machines are important for the companys strategy. It is normal to experience resistance whenever there is change. It is good because it can make the company to check their assumptions. The company should understand what their employees are feeling and thinking. Due to this self checkout machines employers are feeling very in secure about their jobs. Therefore TESCO can arrange various workshops for them to guide how these machines are used and to provide them job security. The company can talk to the financiers that how successful they are running and show them the profits you are getting from them. Thats how they can more involve in change and can help TESCO to introduce these machines in all of their stores. They can do advertisements of these machines by involving press. Developing good relation with the stakeholders will help TESCO to implement the change more successfully. (Wikiadapt, 2010) PLAN TO IMPLEMENT A MODEL FOR CHANGE: Tesco needs to involve external and internal stakeholders in the planning of change. The learning theory of Peter Senge can be used to for self check out machines in TESCO. He explains its theory in five points which are as follows SYSTEMS THINKING: TESCO needs to think about its systems as a whole. They dont have to blame others if the things are not right instead they should see how they operate and why things are going wrong. They should seek the system for it. PERSONAL MASTERY: It is something which is related to the intrinsic motivation and the people who are deeply committed to their work. In order to accept change they should have motivation from their inside which makes resist to the change. BUILDING SHARED VISION: TESCO should give its stakeholders a clear vision of a future they seek to create through this change. It can be done by providing a good understanding about the change.it will help to combine the vision of a company with the vision of stakeholders. TEAM LEARNING: TESCO should provide stakeholders an opportunity to learn in a team. Each member of team task must undertake to link with other team members so that everyone is fully informed. They can perform skilful discussions to achieve their tasks. MENTAL MODELS: TESCO should provide a safe environment in which employees feel comfortable. They should help employees develop their skills of reflection and inquiry. (Peter M. Senge, 1990) 1.10 DEVELOP APPROPRITE MEASURES TO MONITOR PROGRESS: Self check out system is a big change for TESCO. Although it is working successfully in stores but TESCO needs to put effort to solve the problems employers and customers are facing. They need to know why they are facing problems and what they can do for it. They need to motivate and guide the customers so that they can deal with the problems of customers. Tesco needs to think about the machines outlook also as it seems to be very complicated for some customers. It may be happening because the method of how to use it is not introduced to them effectively. They should hire some technical employers to deal with these machines. They need a very co-operative management which can train the employers who can later help their customers they need a cultural change as it is something new for the customers to use and replacing the old methods of shopping. They need to do some survey feedbacks and then they go further of how to overcome these problems related to the change. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although this system of self check out system is running successfully in all stores of TESCO but still there are some problems which company needs to focus on. Customers often get frustrated because they have to go through the self check out menu mostly who dont have the knowledge of information technology. Most of the customers are not using it because they are afraid of using it. Another problem is of mis scanning which then creating problem and the customers have to ring the bell for help. In order to overcome these problems TESCO needs to put some extra employers to assist people if they face any problem using it in order to save their time and energy. They can provide information making it very simple and easy of how to use these machines through internet and newspapers it will help those customers who are afraid of using it. There is a need of making them more user friendly and reducing their faults. BIBILIOGRAPHY: Tesco(2010), change management Tesco at http://www.scribd.com/doc/38560002/Change-Management-tesco [accessed: 22 November 2010] Decision news media(2010), Tesco begins self check out trials at http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/Retail/Tesco-begins-self-checkout-trial [accessed: 24 November 2010] Lewis Smith(2010) at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/selfservice-or-merely-selfserving-the-revolution-at-the-tills-2059363.html [accessed: 24 November 2010] Adkar(2003), Adkar model at http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-adkar-overview.htm [accessed: 26 November 2010] Lewins(1951), Lewins change management model at http://www.consultpivotal.com/lewinHYPERLINK http://www.consultpivotal.com/lewins.htmHYPERLINK http://www.consultpivotal.com/lewins.htms.htm [accessed 24 November 2010] Lewins(1951), Lewins force field model at http://www.unfortu.net/~rafe/links/change.htm [accessed: 25 November 2010] Tuck man (1965), Team reforming model, at http://www.businessballs.com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming.htm (accessed: 25 November 2010] Krabenhoft Alan(2005), A model of strategy and organisational development interventions at http://www.allbusiness.com/management-companies-enterprises/1187765-1.html [accessed: 27 November 2010) Abhishek Kumar Sadhu(2009), Interventions for change at http://management4you.blogspot.com/2009/11/interventions-for-change.html [accessed: 27 November 2010] David J. Campbell (2002); Business Strategy, Oxford, Elsevier science and technology, 2nd Edition. Mind tools (2010), Map Influence at http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_83.htm [accessed: 30 November, 2010] Wikiadapt(2010), Stakeholder Analysis and a t Engagement http://wikiadapt.org/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis_and_engagement Accessed: 1November 2010] Peter M. Senge(1990), The Fifth Discipline at http://baudson.cute-ice.de/serendipity/index.php?/archives/35-The-Fifth-Discipline-Peter-M.-Senge,-1990.html [accessed:1 November, 2010]